ABSTRACT

Chronic aquatic toxic effects are seen from common salts on freshwater organisms when conductivities are above 1500 uhmos. Sodium chloride and sodium sulfate are commonly used salts for the dyeing of direct dyes on cellulose fiber. These salts can be removed only through RO or similar tertiary waste treatment methods.

The non-sodium based salts of potassium, ammonia, chloride, phosphate, and sulfate chemistries have been investigated. These salts are less toxic and more easily removed than sodium salts.