ABSTRACT
The mechanisms of resistance to the synthetic pyrethroids in the Heliothinae are reviewed. Despite inherent species and ecological differences there appear to be unifying concepts which govern the appearance and evolution of these mechanisms. There is a tendency for mechanisms to evolve towards those based on enhanced metabolism by monooxygenases. High-level nerve insensitivity tends to regress in metabolically resistant insects although other low-level forms of nerve insensitivity may be required.
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