Cotton production in the southeastern U.S. has rebounded greatly during the past 5 years. Significant gains have been made in acreage, yield and fiber quality. Several factors are associated with the earlier decline and recent gains. Production challenges are mainly those which characterize the climate, soils and diversified agriculture of the southeastern coastal plain. Extension cotton specialists identified technology currently available along with that which must be developed and adopted for improved yield, fiber quality, profitability and sustainability.