Inheritance of fiber quality traits and lint percentages was studied in a composite cross population of cotton in the semi-arid environment of the Texas High Plains. The population was developed from six semidwarf strains which exhibited earlier maturity, smaller plant types, reduced height, and greater fruiting ratios when compared to current commercial cultivars. Random subpopulations were derived from plants in the F6 generation. Progeny-parent regression, heritability estimates displayed a range between 36% for lint percentage to 67% for 2.5% span length. Corresponding heritability estimates by the standard unit method for a given trait were only slightly higher than estimates by progeny-parent regression,indicating environmental factors did not excessively influence phenotypic variability. Genetic variability within this germplasm will allow selection for improved fiber quality, as is demonstrated by comparison of predicted and actual gains from selection.