The effects of two row configurations (single rows and double rows) and three in-row planting rates on growth and yield of upland cotton were evaluated in Corpus Christi, Texas during 2000. The combination of these two factors resulted in target plant populations of 40,000, 55,000, 70,000, 80,000, 110,000, and 140,000 plants per acre. Higher in-row planting rates and double-row planting decreased individual plant size. Doubling plant population through double-row planting decreased about 35% the number of fruiting positions per plant. Boll size was decreased by increased in-row planting density (11% decrease between 3 and 5 plants per row-foot), but was not affected by row planting configuration. Doubling plant population through double-row planting increased the number of harvested bolls per unit area and the boll weight per unit area by about 27% across in-row planting rates. Lint yield was increased 11% by double-row planting, but was not affected by the in-row planting rates.