Historical "on-going" costs of a typical pyrethroid which has been in the USA market since early 1983 have been examined from available public records. Based upon the submission of more than 800 studies to the EPA after initial registration, the cumulative costs are estimated at between $15 and $20 million. At the same time cost to comply with emerging new regulatory requirements are likely to increase significantly putting increased pressures upon USA Agriculture vis a vis the rest of the world - with lower product options, commodity prices and little hope of overall input cost reductions, despite new products and technology.